Retroviral Insertion and Oncogene Activation

2012-12-06
 |  Medical
Retroviral Insertion and Oncogene Activation

Author: Hsing-Jien Kung

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9783642765247

Category: Medical

Page: 179

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An integrated retrovirus effectively becomes part of the cellular genome, but with the difference that the virus to a large extent retains control over its own expression through nontranslated sequences in the long terminal repeat (L TR). Some retroviruses also code for nonstructural proteins that further regulate proviral expression. Integration changes the cell genome; it adds viral genes, and in the case of transducing retroviruses also adds cell-derived oncogenes that have been incorporated into the viral genome. Integration can also have consequences for cellular genes. The transcriptional signals in a provirus can activate expression of neighboring cellular genes; the integration even can disrupt and thus inactivate cellular genes. These effects of retroviral genomes take place in cis; they are referred to as insertional mutagenesis and are the subject of this volume. Almost 10 years have passed since W. Hayward, S. Astrin, and their colleagues found that in B cell lymphomas of chickens, induced by avian leukosis virus, transcription of the cellular proto-oncogene myc was upregulated through the integration of a complete or partial provirus in its vicinity. This landmark discovery suggested a mechanism by which retro viruses that do not carry cellular oncogenes in their genome ("nonacute retroviruses") can cause cancer. It contributed the first evidence for the carcinogen potential of oncogenes that are not part of a viral genome.

Oncogenes and Retroviruses

2012-12-06
 |  Medical
Oncogenes and Retroviruses

Author: Peter K. Vogt

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9783642747007

Category: Medical

Page: 134

View: 375

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The newest volume in the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology series edited by Dr. Vogt and dealing with oncogenes and retroviruses contains four review articles by international authorities in the field. These articles presenting the latest research results continue the tradition of excellence for which the series is so well known.

Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer

2010-10-22
 |  Medical
Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer

Author: Jaquelin Dudley

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9780387095813

Category: Medical

Page: 363

View: 743

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This book will contain a series of review articles that focus on retroviral models of human and animal cancers. Each article will be written by an expert in the field of retrovirology. The reviews will summarize current work on a particular retrovirus, with particular emphasis on the relevance of this research to human disease.

Oncogenes as Transcriptional Regulators

2013-12-01
 |  Science
Oncogenes as Transcriptional Regulators

Author: Moshe Yaniv

Publisher: Birkhäuser

ISBN: 9783034888899

Category: Science

Page: 249

View: 616

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The intensive study of molecular events leading to cellular transformation in tissue culture or in intact organisms culminated in the identification of 100 or more genes that can be defined as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Functionally, these genes can be divided into several classes, each involved in a different step in transmission of signals from the exterior of the cell to the nucleus. The first oncogenes to be biochemically character ized included membrane receptors for growth factors, growth factors themselves, protein kinases or small GTP binding proteins involved in signal transduction. Later, the development of techniques to study pro teins-DNA interaction in eucaryotes and the isolation and characterization of many promoter and enhancer sequences revealed that a number of the classical retroviral oncogenes were indeed transcription factors. In paral lel, the rapid progress in the identification and cloning of chromosomal translocations in human and animal malignancies and the increased reper toire of known transcription factors families revealed that many other transcription factors can playa critical role in cancer. A more recent devel opment concerns tumor suppressor genes. The realization that human tumors are frequently associated with a loss of function of one or several genes is also one of the landmarks of cancer research in the last 15 years. Again, as we will see below, some of these genes encode transcription factors. It is becoming increasingly difficult to cover in a single monograph all oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer

2011-07-14
 |  Medical
Retroviruses and Insights into Cancer

Author: Jaquelin Dudley

Publisher: Springer

ISBN: 0387560890

Category: Medical

Page: 0

View: 156

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This book will contain a series of review articles that focus on retroviral models of human and animal cancers. Each article will be written by an expert in the field of retrovirology. The reviews will summarize current work on a particular retrovirus, with particular emphasis on the relevance of this research to human disease.

International Symposium: Retroviruses and Human Pathology

2012-12-06
 |  Medical
International Symposium: Retroviruses and Human Pathology

Author: Robert C. Gallo

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

ISBN: 9781461250081

Category: Medical

Page: 557

View: 777

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For decades retroviruses have been riding the crest of a wave of experimental research directed toward the identification of an infectious agent of human neoplastic diseases. In the early 1970s, several scientists successfully demonstrated the presence of retroviruses in numerous animal species and proved their etiological role in some related diseases. Corresponding findings in humans were somewhat discouraging. Although financial support for this line· of research declined, a few dedicated retrovirologists survived and continued to collect more biological information and technological expertise that opened a new approach to the search for a human retrovirus. The rewards came with the discovery that the genes responsible for neoplastic transformation (oncogenes) are of cellular origin and can be shuttled about by retroviruses, and with the identification of a new family of Human T-cell Lymphotrophic retroViruses (HTLV) from patients with diseases ranging from leukemia to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An understanding of the role and significance of retroviruses in human pathology requires basic knowledge of the major animal systems studied. With this perspective in mind, we present here a survey that includes general overviews, minireviews on each animal system studied with selected experimental reports and, finally, a stimulating review of the field of human retrovirology by many of the pioneer scientists who created it. We are especially grateful to Profs. C. A. Romanzi and G. C. Schito for promoting the organization of the Symposium. On behalf of the Sym posium Committee, we thank E. Soeri, L. Casarino, G. P. Gesu, M.

Oncogenes

2020-04-02
 |  Medical
Oncogenes

Author: Enrique Pimentel

Publisher: CRC Press

ISBN: 9781000696523

Category: Medical

Page: 322

View: 718

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First published in 1986, this comprehensive work focuses on the "Acute and Chronic Transforming Retroviruses," "Cellular and Viral Oncogenes," "Functions of Oncogene and Protooncogene Protein Products," and "Oncogenes and Cancer." The number of oncogenes presently identified has grown to more than double of that which was discussed in the first edition of this book. It more clearly explains the relation of protooncogenes to neoplastic diseases, especially to human cancer. This updated edition is an absolute must for all physicians and biologists.